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Army Will Train Soldiers to Cope With Emotions
PHILADELPHIA — The Army plans to require that all 1.1 million of its soldiers take
intensive training in emotional resiliency, military officials say.
The training, the first of its kind in the military, is meant to improve performance
in combat and head off the mental health problems, including depression, post-trau-
matic stress disorder and suicide, that plague about one-fifth of troops returning
from Afghanistan and Iraq. Active-duty soldiers, reservists and members of the
National Guard will receive the training, which will also be available to their family
members and to civilian employees.
The new program is to be introduced at two bases in October and phased in gradually
throughout the service, starting in basic training. It is modeled on techniques that have
been tested mainly in middle schools. Usually taught in weekly 90-minute classes, the
methods seek to defuse or expose common habits of thinking and flawed beliefs that
can lead to anger and frustration — for example, the tendency to assume the worst.
(“My wife didn’t answer the phone; she must be with someone else.”)
The Army wants to train 1,500 sergeants by next summer to teach the techniques.
In an interview, Gen. George W. Casey Jr., the Army’s chief of staff, said the $117 million
program was an effort to transform a military culture that has generally considered talk
of emotions to be so much hand-holding, a sign of weakness. “I’m still not sure that our
culture is ready to accept this,” General Casey said. “That’s what I worry about most.”
In an open exchange at an early training session here last week, General Casey asked a
group of sergeants what they thought of the new training. Did it seem too touchy-feely?
“I believe so, sir,” said one, standing to address the general. He said a formal class
would be a hard sell to a young private “who all he wants to do is hang out with his
buddies and drink beer.”
But others disagreed, saying the program was desperately needed. And in the interview,
General Casey said the mental effects of repeated deployments — rising suicide rates in
the Army, mild traumatic brain injuries, post-traumatic stress — had convinced commanders
“that we need a program that gives soldiers and their families better ways to cope.”
The general agreed to the interview after The New York Times learned of the program from
Dr. Martin E. P. Seligman, chairman of the University of Pennsylvania Positive Psychology
Center, who has been consulting with the Pentagon. In recent studies, psychologists at Penn
and elsewhere have found that the techniques can reduce mental distress in some children
and teenagers. But outside experts cautioned that the Army program was more an experiment
than a proven solution.
“It’s important to be clear that there’s no evidence that any program makes soldiers more
resilient,” said George A. Bonanno, a psychologist at Columbia University. But he and others
said the program could settle one of the most important questions in psychology: whether
mental toughness can be taught in the classroom. “These are skills that apply broadly, they’re
things people use throughout life, and what we’ve done is adapt them for soldiers,” said Karen
Reivich, a psychologist at Penn, who is helping the Army carry out the program.
At the training session, given at a hotel near the university, 48 sergeants in full fatigues and
boots sat at desks, took notes, play-acted, and wisecracked as psychologists taught them about
mental fitness. In one role-playing exercise, Sgt. First Class James Cole of Fort Riley, Kan., and
a classmate acted out Sergeant Cole’s thinking in response to an order late in the day to have
his exhausted men do one last difficult assignment.
“Why is he tasking us again for this job?” the classmate asked. “It’s not fair.”
“Well, maybe,” Sergeant Cole responded. “Or maybe he’s hitting us because he knows we’re more reliable.”
In another session, Dr. Reivich asked the sergeants to think of situations when such internal
debates were useful. One, a veteran of several deployments to Iraq, said he was out at dinner
the night before when a customer at a nearby table said he and his friends were being obnoxious.
“At one time maybe I would have thrown the guy out the window and gone for the jugular,” the
sergeant said. But guided by the new techniques, he fought the temptation and decided to buy
the man a beer instead. “The guy came over and apologized,” he said.
The training is based in part on the ideas of Dr. Aaron Beck and the late Albert Ellis, who found
that mentally disputing unexamined thoughts and assumptions often defuses them. It also draws
on recent research suggesting that people can manage stress by thinking in terms of their
psychological strengths.
“Psychology has given us this whole language of pathology, so that a soldier in tears after seeing
someone killed thinks, ‘Something’s wrong with me; I have post-traumatic stress,’ ” or P.T.S.D.,
Dr. Seligman said. “The idea here is to give people a new vocabulary, to speak in terms of resilience.
Most people who experience trauma don’t end up with P.T.S.D.; many experience post-traumatic growth.”
Many of the sergeants were at first leery of the techniques. “But I think maybe it becomes like muscle
memory — with practice you start to use them automatically,” said Sgt. First Class Darlene Sanders
of Fort Jackson, S.C.
To track the effects of the program, the Army will require troops at all levels, from new recruits to
officers, to regularly fill out a 170-item questionnaire to evaluate their mental health, along with the
strength of their social support, among other things. The program is not intended to diagnose mental
health problems. The results will be kept private, General Casey said.
The Army will track average scores in units to see whether the training has any impact on mental
symptoms and performance, said Gen. Rhonda Cornum, the director of Comprehensive Soldier Fitness,
who is overseeing the carrying out of the new resilience program. General Cornum said that the Army
had contracted with researchers at the University of Michigan to determine whether the training was
working, and added that corrections could be made along the way “if the program is not having the
intended effect.”
This being the Army, the sergeants at the training session last week had questions about logistics.
How would teachers be evaluated? How and when would Reserve and Guard units get the training?
Perhaps the biggest question — can an organization that has long suppressed talk of emotions now
open up? — is unlikely to have an answer until next year at the earliest. But the Army’s leaders are
determined to ask.
“For years, the military has been saying, ‘Oh, my God, a suicide, what do we do now?’ ” said Col.
Darryl Williams, the program’s deputy director. “It was reactive. It’s time to change that.”
PHILADELPHIA — The Army plans to require that all 1.1 million of its soldiers take
intensive training in emotional resiliency, military officials say.
The training, the first of its kind in the military, is meant to improve performance
in combat and head off the mental health problems, including depression, post-trau-
matic stress disorder and suicide, that plague about one-fifth of troops returning
from Afghanistan and Iraq. Active-duty soldiers, reservists and members of the
National Guard will receive the training, which will also be available to their family
members and to civilian employees.
The new program is to be introduced at two bases in October and phased in gradually
throughout the service, starting in basic training. It is modeled on techniques that have
been tested mainly in middle schools. Usually taught in weekly 90-minute classes, the
methods seek to defuse or expose common habits of thinking and flawed beliefs that
can lead to anger and frustration — for example, the tendency to assume the worst.
(“My wife didn’t answer the phone; she must be with someone else.”)
The Army wants to train 1,500 sergeants by next summer to teach the techniques.
In an interview, Gen. George W. Casey Jr., the Army’s chief of staff, said the $117 million
program was an effort to transform a military culture that has generally considered talk
of emotions to be so much hand-holding, a sign of weakness. “I’m still not sure that our
culture is ready to accept this,” General Casey said. “That’s what I worry about most.”
In an open exchange at an early training session here last week, General Casey asked a
group of sergeants what they thought of the new training. Did it seem too touchy-feely?
“I believe so, sir,” said one, standing to address the general. He said a formal class
would be a hard sell to a young private “who all he wants to do is hang out with his
buddies and drink beer.”
But others disagreed, saying the program was desperately needed. And in the interview,
General Casey said the mental effects of repeated deployments — rising suicide rates in
the Army, mild traumatic brain injuries, post-traumatic stress — had convinced commanders
“that we need a program that gives soldiers and their families better ways to cope.”
The general agreed to the interview after The New York Times learned of the program from
Dr. Martin E. P. Seligman, chairman of the University of Pennsylvania Positive Psychology
Center, who has been consulting with the Pentagon. In recent studies, psychologists at Penn
and elsewhere have found that the techniques can reduce mental distress in some children
and teenagers. But outside experts cautioned that the Army program was more an experiment
than a proven solution.
“It’s important to be clear that there’s no evidence that any program makes soldiers more
resilient,” said George A. Bonanno, a psychologist at Columbia University. But he and others
said the program could settle one of the most important questions in psychology: whether
mental toughness can be taught in the classroom. “These are skills that apply broadly, they’re
things people use throughout life, and what we’ve done is adapt them for soldiers,” said Karen
Reivich, a psychologist at Penn, who is helping the Army carry out the program.
At the training session, given at a hotel near the university, 48 sergeants in full fatigues and
boots sat at desks, took notes, play-acted, and wisecracked as psychologists taught them about
mental fitness. In one role-playing exercise, Sgt. First Class James Cole of Fort Riley, Kan., and
a classmate acted out Sergeant Cole’s thinking in response to an order late in the day to have
his exhausted men do one last difficult assignment.
“Why is he tasking us again for this job?” the classmate asked. “It’s not fair.”
“Well, maybe,” Sergeant Cole responded. “Or maybe he’s hitting us because he knows we’re more reliable.”
In another session, Dr. Reivich asked the sergeants to think of situations when such internal
debates were useful. One, a veteran of several deployments to Iraq, said he was out at dinner
the night before when a customer at a nearby table said he and his friends were being obnoxious.
“At one time maybe I would have thrown the guy out the window and gone for the jugular,” the
sergeant said. But guided by the new techniques, he fought the temptation and decided to buy
the man a beer instead. “The guy came over and apologized,” he said.
The training is based in part on the ideas of Dr. Aaron Beck and the late Albert Ellis, who found
that mentally disputing unexamined thoughts and assumptions often defuses them. It also draws
on recent research suggesting that people can manage stress by thinking in terms of their
psychological strengths.
“Psychology has given us this whole language of pathology, so that a soldier in tears after seeing
someone killed thinks, ‘Something’s wrong with me; I have post-traumatic stress,’ ” or P.T.S.D.,
Dr. Seligman said. “The idea here is to give people a new vocabulary, to speak in terms of resilience.
Most people who experience trauma don’t end up with P.T.S.D.; many experience post-traumatic growth.”
Many of the sergeants were at first leery of the techniques. “But I think maybe it becomes like muscle
memory — with practice you start to use them automatically,” said Sgt. First Class Darlene Sanders
of Fort Jackson, S.C.
To track the effects of the program, the Army will require troops at all levels, from new recruits to
officers, to regularly fill out a 170-item questionnaire to evaluate their mental health, along with the
strength of their social support, among other things. The program is not intended to diagnose mental
health problems. The results will be kept private, General Casey said.
The Army will track average scores in units to see whether the training has any impact on mental
symptoms and performance, said Gen. Rhonda Cornum, the director of Comprehensive Soldier Fitness,
who is overseeing the carrying out of the new resilience program. General Cornum said that the Army
had contracted with researchers at the University of Michigan to determine whether the training was
working, and added that corrections could be made along the way “if the program is not having the
intended effect.”
This being the Army, the sergeants at the training session last week had questions about logistics.
How would teachers be evaluated? How and when would Reserve and Guard units get the training?
Perhaps the biggest question — can an organization that has long suppressed talk of emotions now
open up? — is unlikely to have an answer until next year at the earliest. But the Army’s leaders are
determined to ask.
“For years, the military has been saying, ‘Oh, my God, a suicide, what do we do now?’ ” said Col.
Darryl Williams, the program’s deputy director. “It was reactive. It’s time to change that.”
